There’s a point near the end Bernhard Schlink’s The Reader, when the narrator travels from Germany to New York to meet the sole survivor of a war atrocity to which his ex-lover, a then illiterate Romany girl who found herself employed as a concentration camp guard, had pleaded guilty in order to mask her own guilt at her illiteracy.
His job, set out in the will of his lover, who has committed suicide the night before her release from prison, is to hand over the paltry life savings to this sole survivor.
The survivor, now a well-off middle-aged US citizen, sees right through his guilt at his unknowing association with a convicted war criminal, and the more general ennui he feels as a post-war German:
‘Did you ever get married?’
I nodded.
‘And the marriage was short and unhappy, and you never married again, and the child, if there is one, is at boarding school.’
That’s true of thousands of people, it doesn’t take a Frau Schmitz [the ‘Reader’ and convicted war criminal].
In an instant, the Jewish survivor sums up the fate of much of the post-war German generation – not guilty of the rise of Nazism themselves, but seemingly ineluctably tied to the collective guilt of their parents’ generation, most of whom were themselves victims of Nazism, and now passing on their feelings of alienation to another generation.
The moment is all the more poignant, of course, because it is someone who has actually lived through total horror who is now judges the narrator and his generation for their seeming inability to move beyond the psychological pull of this collective, inward-looking pain.
As the book closes, the narrator nearly attains ‘closure’ after putting his story in writing:
‘What a sad story, I thought for so long. Not that I now think it was happy. But I think it was true, and thus the meaning of whether it was sad or happy has no meaning whatsoever.’
But the guilt lingers:
‘Maybe I did write or story to be free of it, even f I can never be.’
I was reminded of all this a week or two ago when I read a typically impassioned and honest post from Laurie Penny. Here’s an excerpt:
’(O)n being asked why [a friend] had given up a promising career in marketing to become a political activist, she told me quite simply that she ‘would have gone crazy otherwise’.
That’s a pretty accurate verdict on the state of my generation right now. Whatever our background, nearly all of us are under an immense amount of pressure, struggling to find and keep work or benefits, trying to establish our independence in a world that does not seem to have any room for us. My generation, overwhelmingly, faces a choice between becoming politically active or becoming massively despondent, ‘going crazy’ with frustration at a world that has turned out so much harder and crueller than we thought it would be even when we’d grown up enough to realise that politicians and business leaders would repeatedly and inevitably let us down………
It is my firm belief that the current generation of 18-25 year olds have an unique perspective on politics and culture, filtered through a childhood of war, encroaching natural disaster, frantic consumerism and sudden betrayal.’
And Laurie concludes:
’(A)fter a discussion I had with my boyfriend last night, during which he ventriloquised rather aptly for our parents’ generation:”here, have this planet! It’s only slightly on fire!”‘
In the last paragraph in particular, you can hear the scorn. Betrayal by her parents’ generation, Laurie seems to be saying, is what is making her and her generation ill. The fault for Laurie’s sense of alienation lies with me (I’m 47 now) and the people of my age. My failure to create a peaceful, environmentally sustainable world for Laurie to live her life in makes her ‘despondent’.
So do I then have the right to be angry at my parents’ generation also? After all, my mother was 19 years old on the day the second world war ended, and her adult life was spent in a peaceful country, where in 1945 there was a real commitment to socialism, but by 1979, when I was about to come of age, the socialist dream had turned sour, and the New Right had risen.
And so might begin a generational cycle of despair, to which both my and Laurie’s children, should she have any, will also surely be entitled.
One reaction to Laurie’s post might be the kind of cold scorn shown by the Jewish survivor to the narrator on The Reader (and indeed there is some of that displayed in the comments to Laurie’s post).
But I don’t think it’s the right reaction. For starters, it not an attitude to which we are as entitled as the Jewish survivor; she had the right to stand outside and beyond (it is not coincidence that Schlink has her in New York) and make her judgment on the post-war German generation precisely because she has suffered unimaginable horror, and because she is about as ‘pure’ a victim as there can be. My generation is not wholly victim; we are collectively guilty of allowing a neo-liberal economy to develop unchallenged over the last 30 years, and we need to be honest about that. It is not our place to judge what Laurie should or should not feel. We are, quite simply, not worthy.
But nor, on the other hand, is it the right reaction to fall into a despair at our collective guilt, precisely because collective guilt does not make us individually guilty. I have been a good trade unionist, I have saved the lives of many poor children, and I have done what I can in my own small way; it is simply that it has been, at least to date, to small. That in itself does not make me guilty of the crime I am now accused of by Laurie.
The right reaction, I contend, is the one that the narrator in The Reader makes, at the very end of the book.
‘What a sad story, I thought for so long. Not that I now think it was happy. But I think it was true, and thus the meaning of whether it was sad or happy has no meaning whatsoever.’
It is the truth about why my generation failed that we must seek, and then we must seek to make it better with all the energies that are left remaining to us.
The reason we failed is that the forces of capitalism were too strong, and because the Left did not organize as effectively as it could have done. The reason the left did not organize effectively is that, in the 1960s and 1970s, when I was young, the Left lost its focus on class, and became besotted with the ‘identity politics’ of post-Marxism to the ultimate detriment of its own organizational core.
That is the bare truth, and acknowledging this dispassionately, without blame from one generation, and without collective guilt on the part of another, is an important step towards generational reconciliation and comradely action.
This is possible, especially in an internet world where people like Dave, myself and Miljenko, different generations with different life experiences who might have looked past each other in person but treat each other as equals in cyberspace. To do otherwise – to seek solace in the company of one’s own generation and not to look at why things turned out the way they did – is to miss the real target for our anger: capitalism.
Thus, while I understand why Laurie should want to seek out her contemporaries in the form of ‘A Radical Future, a forthcoming ebook written and devised by British activists and academics under 30 years ‘, my respectful contention is that the development of such age-based groupings may be comforting for the participants in the short-term, in the same way that ‘Men’s Societies’ in universities might possibly be, but in the longer term they may divert energies from the real challenges the Left faces, and even prove counterproductive as stereotyped norms of how generations act and relate are reinforced through lack of engagement.
Our own generation can create a comfort zone for us in our anxieties, our anger and our guilt, but what really helps change the world is stepping out of the comfort zone.
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